이 책은...

이 책은 University of Wisconsin ―Platteville 소속의 Kurt C. Rolle 교수 저서인 <<Heat and Mass Transfer 2ed, SI 판>>에서 ‘물질전달’에 관한 내용(원서 제8장 MASS TRANSFER에 해당)을 빼고 최초로 번역한, 사실상 국문 초판 책이다. 본디 열전달과 물질전달은 밀접한 연관이 있으므로 원서에 편성되어 있는 대로 모두를 번역했어야 하지만, 이번 번역서는 열전달이라는 단일 영역에만 선택과 집중하여 발간하였다. 이 책은 원저자의 의도대로 공학 과정이나 공업기술 과정에서 한 학기당 3학점짜리 고학년 학과목 교재로 집필되었으므로, 열전달이 필요한 기계, 소방 방재, 전기·전자, 화공, 재료, 환경, 식품 등 공학 분야에서 뿐만 아니라 물리학은 물론이고 화학, 의학, 생물학 등과 같은 비공학 분야에서도 적절하게 교재로서 사용할 수 있다.

원저자는...

원저자인 Kurt C. Rolle 교수는 기계공학사(B.S. in M.E.)를 미 Purdue University에서, M.S.와 Ph.D.를 미 University of Dayton에서 각각 받았고 현재는 미 University of Wisconsin ―Platteville에서 기계 공학 교수로 재직 중이다. 실무 경력으로는 자동차 및 공작 기계 산업에서 주철 주조 문제 추적 관리 및 원인 규명, 다양한 설계 및 프로세스 프로젝트 참여, 연료 계통 시스템 해석 및 설계(미 공군) 등이 있다. 또한 연구, 설계 및 실험 경력으로는 공기⁃공기 열교환기, 단열 벽과 다공성 과립 재료를 포함한 다양한 재료의 열전도도 결정 등이 있고, 자문 경력으로는 다양한 시스템에서의 질량 관성 모멘트 연구, 종이 건조, 재료의 충돌 특성 및 기계 냉각제 시스템 등이 있다. 또한, 개인 상해, 제조물 책임 및 특허 소송 등에서 법정 감정인 역할을 수행하고 있다. 현재는 지속가능하고 재생가능하며 인도적인 에너지 및 기술 시스템도 연구 주제로 삼고 있다.

이 책의 구성은...

서론에서는 학생들에게 학습 내용을 이해해야 하는 이유를 설득하고 있다. 먼저 세 가지 열전달 방식을 정의하고 설명한 뒤, 그런 다음 정상 상태 전도, 과도 또는 비정상 상태 전도, 강제 대류, 자유 또는 자연 대류, 복사 기초, 열교환기 및 상변화 열전달의 순으로 편성하고 있다. 전반적으로 중점을 두고 있는 사항은, 경험적 방법이 어떻게 다양한 열전달 장치의 성능과 효율을 측정하는 데 사용되는지를 그리고 어떻게 중요한 관련 매개변수와 재료 상태량을 측정하는 데 사용되는지를 보여주고자 하는 것이다. 아울러 열전도도, 압축률, 대류 열전달 계수, 방사율, 반사율 및 확산율도 모두 다 취급하였다. 한층 더 자세한 내용은 ‘저자 서문’을 참고하길 바란다.

이 책의 특징으로는...

먼저, 각 장마다 첫 머리에 ‘역사적 개요’를 도입함으로써 관련 주제를 역사적으로나 기술적으로 흥미 있게 소개한 점으로, 이는 역저자를 고무시킨 바가 크다. 또한, 열전달에서 경험적 근거를 분명히 제시한 점이다. 학술적인 면에서나 산업계 실무 면에서 꼭 필요한 사례들이 상상력을 자극하는 문장 형식으로 또는 창의성을 필요로 하는 문제 형식으로 다양하게 소개되어 있다. 특히, 문제들은 그 유형이 아주 다양하여, 토론 문제, 수업 중 퀴즈 문제 및 연습 문제 등으로 구성되어 있다. 게다가, 결정적으로 ‘열전달 평가 시험문제 샘플’ 섹션이 부록에 편성되어 있는데, 이는 학생뿐만 아니라 특히 교수자가 눈여겨봐야 할 대목으로 ‘강의 요목과 시험 유형’ 세트가 여러 타입으로 구비되어 있어서 교수자나 학습자가 강의 진도나 학습 진도를 관리하는 데 매우 유용한 도구가 될 것으로 확신한다.

학생들은...

다음과 같은 루틴으로 교재를 사용해서는 안 된다. 즉, 먼저 풀어야 할 지정 문제의 문장을 읽는다. → 그러고 나서, 지정된 문제와 같거나 아주 유사한 예제를 찾으려고 책을 뒤진다. → 그런 다음, 자신이 지정된 문제와 관련된 내용을 이해하고 있는지를 확인하는 식이다. 이렇게 해서는 공학 문제 해석이나 공학 시스템 설계를 시작하기 전에 해당 학과목을 이해해야 하는 중요성을 인식하기가 어렵게 된다. 오히려, 그 역순으로 교재를 활용하는 패러다임의 전환이 일어나길 바란다. 부디, 지정 과제와 유사한 유형의 문제들에 몽땅 편중하여 문제 풀이 비법만을 추구하지 않기를 바란다. 사실, 열전달에서는 지수 함수, 오차 함수, 쌍곡선 함수, 변수 분리 및 입체 기하학과 같은 지극히 수학적인 개념과 연산 방법이 많이 들어 있는 게 사실이지만, 이 때문에 열전달이 너무 복잡하고 추상적이라고 생각하여 회피하지 말고 다만 열전달 현상과 원리를 이해하여 열전달 시스템의 해석과 설계에 적용하겠다는 도전 정신으로 무장해 주길 바란다.

이 책에서 사용하고 있는 단위는...

이 책에서는 앞표지 머리띠 부분에 ‘SI 판’이라는 간판을 크게 걸어 놓은 만큼 완전히 국제단위계를 채택하고 있으나, 몇 가지 선도와 표 그리고 몇 군데 본문과 문제에 미상용단위의 흔적이 남아 있는 게 사실이다. 그 이유인 즉, 편람, 정부 표준 및 제품 안내서에서 인용한 데이터들은 모든 값을 SI 단위로 변환시키는 것이 극히 어려울 뿐만 아니라 그 출전의 지식재산권 침해를 사전에 방지하고자 하는 것이기 때문이다. 그러나 대표 역자가 볼 때에는 미국 태생의 전공 서적들은 사실상 미 국내·외 수요자를 고려하여 국제단위계(SI, Le Système International d’Unités ; MKS + cgs 단위계를 기본으로 함)와 함께 미 상용단위계(USCS, the United States Customary System ; FPS 단위계 기본)를 병용하는 것으로 슬며시 회귀하고 있는 추세인 것 같다. 현재 일상생활에서 SI 단위 사용이 강제되고 있지 않은 나라로 미국과 미얀마가 공식적으로 언급되고 있지만, 현실적인 면을 고려할 때, 특히 이 책의 독자가 고학년 공대 학생이거나 현업에 종사하는 실무 경력자라는 점을 고려할 때, SI 단위와 함께 USCS 단위를 익히는 것도 엔지니어로서 차원과 단위 개념의 외연을 넓히는데 훨씬 더 좋다고 생각한다.

용어 문제는...

이렇게 분량이 두툼한 서적을 번역하는 협업에서는 아무리 여건이 좋다고 하더라도 종국에는 용어의 선정과 통일 문제가 반드시 등장하기 마련이다. 그런 이유로 갈무리 단계에서 대표 역자가 통합 편집 작업을 하게 되는 것인데, 이 과정에서 일반 서술 표현은 별 무리없이 다양한 우리말로 옮겼지만, 전문 용어는 제목으로 쓸 때에는 간명성(이 때에는 한자용어가 더 기능적임)을 우선시하고 내용을 설명할 때는 전달성(이 때에는 우리 낱말이 훨씬 더 좋음)을 고려하여 여러 가지 중에서 하나로 정하거나 병용하였고 필요하다면 영문 용어도 병용하였다. 그렇다 하더라도, 이 책 속에 담겨 있는 모든 오류와 모순은 대표 역자의 과문함과 산만함 탓임을 미리 밝힌다.

끝으로...

열전달 문제 해결 기술은 관련 산업계의 설계 분야에서 제품의 품격을 좌지우지하는 최종 무기라는 말로 열전달 과목의 중요성을 대변하고 싶다. 원저자의 표현대로 ‘in this rich subject’에서 ―즉, 이렇게 주제가 풍요롭고 무궁무진한 분야에서 ― 중요한 뿌리 개념으로 그득 찬 보물창고를 활짝 개방하여, 학생들에게 보이지는 않지만 실제로 일어나고 있는 현상을 과학적으로 다룰 수 있는 기쁨을 맛보게하고 엔지니어들에게는 창의적인 신규 설계와 혁신적인 신규 시스템의 기술 개발 및 발전에 이바지하고 있다는 자부심을 느끼게 할 수 있게끔, 다시금 열전달 교육이 활성화될 수 있도록 활기찬 강의 개설과 학습 열풍이 불기를 기원한다.

역자 서문 ·················································· iii

저자 서문 ················································· vii

CHAPTER 01 서 론····················································1

1.1 열전달의 중요성 ········································· 3

1.2 열전달에서 사용하는 차원과 단위 ··························9

1.3 열전달 개념 ············································ 10

1.4 열전달 방식 ···········································29

1.5 수학 복습 ············································· 36

1.6 열전달의 공학적 해석 ··································· 40

1.7 요약 ·················································· 40

토론 문제 ·················································· 42

수업 중 퀴즈 문제 ·········································· 42

연습 문제 ·················································· 43

[참고문헌] ················································· 46

CHAPTER 02 정상 상태 전도 열전달································47

2.1 푸리에 법칙과 열전도도 ·································50

2.2 일반적인 전도 열전달 문제 ······························· 58

2.3 1차원 정상 상태 전도 열전달 ····························· 64

2.4 정상 상태 2차원 열전달 ·································86

2.5 형상 계수법 ··········································· 103

2.6 수치 해석법 ··········································· 111

2.7 정상 상태 열전달의 응용 ································ 134

2.8 요약 ················································· 160

토론 문제 ················································· 165

수업 중 퀴즈 문제 ··········································166

연습 문제 ················································· 167

[참고문헌] ················································ 185

CHAPTER 03 과도 전도 열전달·····································187

3.1 과도 열전도의 일반적인 문제 ···························· 190

3.2 집중 열용량 계 ········································193

3.3 1차원 과도 열전달 ·····································200

3.4 2차원 과도 열전달 ·····································223

3.5 고체에 대한 응용 ······································234

3.6 수치 해석법 ··········································252

3.7 그래프 해법 ·········································· 259

3.8 요약 ················································· 263

토론 문제 ················································· 269

수업 중 퀴즈 문제 ·········································· 271

연습 문제 ················································· 272

[참고문헌] ················································ 285

CHAPTER 04 강제 대류 열전달·····································287

4.1 대류 열전달의 일반적인 문제 ····························292

4.2 유체 유동의 개념과 차원 해석 ···························295

4.3 경계층 개념 ··········································322

4.4 평판에서의 대류 열전달 계수 ····························340

4.5 물체 주위에서 일어나는 대류 열전달 ······················357

4.6 밀폐 채널에서의 대류 열전달 ···························· 370

4.7 대류 열전달의 응용 ····································391

4.8 요약 ················································· 407

토론 문제 ················································· 413

수업 중 퀴즈 문제 ·········································· 414

연습 문제 ················································· 416

[참고문헌] ················································ 425 

CHAPTER 05 자연 대류 열전달·····································427

5.1 자유 대류의 일반 개념 ·································429

5.2 수직 표면을 따라 일어나는 자유 대류 해석 ················433

5.3 수평 및 경사 표면을 따라 일어나는 자유 대류 ············· 442

5.4 수평 및 수직 원통체를 따라 일어나는 자유 대류 ···········448

5.5 밀폐 공간에서의 자유 대류 ······························ 456

5.6 복합 자유 및 강제 대류 열전달 ··························460

5.7 공기의 자유 대류 근사식 ·······························463

5.8 요약 ················································· 464

토론 문제 ················································· 468

수업 중 퀴즈 문제 ········································· 469

연습 문제 ················································· 469

[참고문헌] ················································ 475

CHAPTER 06 복사 열전달의 본질···································477

6.1 전자기파 복사 ········································480

6.2 흑체 복사 ············································489

6.3 회색체 메커니즘 ······································· 495

6.4 복사의 기하학 ·········································502

6.5 복사 응용 ············································519

6.6 요약 ················································· 530

토론 문제 ················································· 533

수업 중 퀴즈 문제 ········································· 534

연습 문제 ················································· 534

[참고문헌] ················································ 544

CHAPTER 07 복사 열전달 해석·····································545

7.1 총 복사 ·············································· 547

7.2 2표면 복사 열전달 해석 ································550

7.3 3표면 복사 열전달 해석 ································560

7.4 가스 복사 ············································ 570

7.5 복사 열전달의 응용 ···································· 576

7.6 요약 ················································· 584

토론 문제 ················································· 586

수업 중 퀴즈 문제 ········································· 586

연습 문제 ················································· 587

[참고문헌] ················································ 594

CHAPTER 08 열교환기··············································595

8.1 열교환기의 일반 개념 ··································598

8.2 열교환기의 매개변수 ··································· 603

8.3 LMTD 해석법 ·········································608

8.4 유효도-NTU 해석법 ···································· 621

8.5 콤팩트형 열교환기 ·····································630

8.6 히트 파이프 ··········································637

8.7 요약 ················································· 651

토론 문제 ················································· 653

수업 중 퀴즈 문제 ········································· 654

연습 문제 ················································· 655

[참고문헌] ················································660

CHAPTER 09 상변화 열전달········································661

9.1 상변화 열전달의 메커니즘 ·······························662

9.2 비등 열전달의 해석 ····································665

9.3 응축 열전달 ·········································· 684

9.4 비등과 응축의 간단 식 ································· 699

9.5 용융과 응고의 경험적 방법 및 해석 ······················703

9.6 상변화 열전달의 응용 ···································711

9.7 요약 ················································· 722

토론 문제 ················································· 726

수업 중 퀴즈 문제 ··········································727

연습 문제 ················································· 727

[참고문헌] ················································ 732 

APPENDIX A 서 론·················································733

A.1 벡터 연산 ············································733

A.2 행렬 연산 ············································735

A.3 삼각법 관계식 ········································ 738

A.4 적분 표············································· 739

A.5 쌍곡선 함수 ·········································· 741

A.6 몇 가지 거듭제곱 급수 ·································744

A.7 조화 함수 ············································744

A.8 푸리에 급수 ·········································· 747

A.9 오차 함수 ············································ 749

A.10 베셀 함수 ············································ 751

A.11 무한 평판, 무한 원기둥체 및 구체에서 일어나는 과도 전도

열전달에서 사용되는 일부 초월 함수의 근 및 관련 계수 ···· 755

APPENDIX B 변환 계수와 상태량 표·······························759

B.1 일반 상수와 변환 계수 ································· 759

B.2 대표적인 비금속 고체의 열적 상태량, SI 단위 ············· 761

B.2E 대표적인 비금속 고체의 열적 상태량, 영국 단위 ···········763

B.3 대표적인 액체의 열적 상태량, 대기압 또는 별도 압력 기준, SI 단위 ·············································· 765

B.3E 대표적인 액체의 열적 상태량, 대기압 또는 별도 압력 기준, 영국 단위 ············································ 766

B.4 대표적인 기체의 열적 상태량, 대기압 또는 별도 압력 기준, SI 단위 ·············································· 767

B.4E 대표적인 기체의 열적 상태량, 대기압 또는 별도 압력 기준, 영국 단위 ···········································768

B.5 표면 방사율의 근삿값 ··································769

B.6 수증기의 열적 상태량: 포화 액체-포화 증기, SI 단위 ·······770

포화 고체-포화 증기, 승화(SI 단위) ······················771

B.6E 수증기의 열적 상태량: 포화 액체-포화 증기, 영국 단위 ·····771

포화 고체-포화 증기, 승화(영국 단위) ····················772

B.7 구리 전선의 전기 저항 ································· 773

B.8 ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ?? ? ?에서의 상수와 계수(SI 단위) ···········773

B.8E ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ?? ? ?에서의 상수와 계수(영국 단위) ·········774

B.9 공기와 계면 접촉 및 대기압 기준에서 대표적인 물질의 표면 장력(SI 단위) ····································774

B.9E 공기와 계면 접촉 및 대기압 기준에서 대표적인 물질의 표면 장력(영국 단위) ·································· 775

B.10 원소 주기율표 ········································ 776

APPENDIX C 습공기학과 도표······································777

C.1 습공기 선도. SI 단위 기준 ······························781

C.1E 습공기 선도. 영국 단위 기준 ····························781

C.2 물의 압력-엔탈피 선도. SI 단위 기준 ···················· 783

C.2E 물의 압력-엔탈피 선도. 영국 단위 기준 ··················783

C.3 R-123의 압력-엔탈피 선도. SI 단위 기준 ·················784

C.3E R-123의 압력-엔탈피 선도. 영국 단위 기준 ···············784

C.4 R-134a의 압력-엔탈피 선도. SI 단위 기준 ················785

C.4E R-134a의 압력-엔탈피 선도. 영국 단위 기준 ··············785

C.5 R-12의 압력-엔탈피 선도. SI 단위 기준 ·················786

C.5E R-12의 압력-엔탈피 선도. 영국 단위 기준 ················786

C.6 R-22의 압력-엔탈피 선도. SI 단위 기준. ·················787

C.6E R-22의 압력-엔탈피 선도. 영국 단위 기준 ················787

C.7 암모니아의 압력-엔탈피 선도. SI 단위 기준 ···············788

C.7E 암모니아의 압력-엔탈피 선도. 영국 단위 기준 ·············788

C.8 대표적인 포화 증기의 열전도도 ·························789

C.9 대표적인 포화 액체의 열전도도 ·························789

C.10 대표적인 포화 증기의 점도 ·····························790

C.11 대표적인 포화 액체의 점도 ·····························790

APPENDIX D 학습 내용 파악 수준과 이해도를 정량화하기········791

강의 요목 I ··············································· 793

강의 요목 II ··············································· 802

연습 문제 해답(홀수번) ······································ 811

찾아보기 ·················································· 815